Cartography: Module 11 – 3D Mapping

     This week lab focused on 3D data and visualization. As part of the lab, I completed an Esri virtual training course called, “3D Visualization Techniques Using ArcGIS.” This course walked through techniques for defining base heights for various layers, how to enhance 3D views with vertical exaggeration and illumination, and how to extrude various types of data (like buildings, wells, or parcels). Additionally, I practiced converting 2D data into 3D data and then exporting that 3D data for viewing in Google Earth. Exercises were performed using the 3D Analyst extension in ArcGIS/ArcScene. 

Screenshot of the extrusion exercise from an Esri virtual course in 3D visualization.
It shows two layers that have been extruded, one positively and one negatively. 

     3D mapping has a multitude of applications from simulation to marketing. It is possible to gain a better understanding of the impact of a natural disaster by determining at risk areas for particular scenarios viewed in an immersive way. It can also be of great use to those in real estate as it gives the realtor the ability to show their client an line-of-sight visualization for their property. Urban planning, environmental impact concerns, the possibilities for 3D mapping are expansive.      
     This Esri video provides a great synopsis of 3D Cartography and this Esri white paper also helped me understand what analyses 3D mapping is capable of performing. While 3D data is immersive and often impressive there are some downsides. Both the video and the white paper mention the pros and cons so I will briefly touch on them.
     While a 3D world immediately draws the user in, it can be difficult to navigate and it is easy to get disoriented. However, this type of map interface is rich with visual information that cannot be delivered in the 2D format. For instance, the ability to show vertical information (a z element) in a 3D world can help the user understand exactly how a building can shade a region, if a building possesses enough exposure to the sun to make use of solar panels. In terms of parcels, vertical height can convey all sorts of parcel data (like varying property values). That brings us to intuitive symbology. In a 2D map, there is a necessary reliance upon a legend which is not as necessary in a 3D environment. 3D mapping does require a computer that is capable of performing graphically intensive tasks. That can be expensive and some cartographers may need training so time and cost are  additional concerns.
     I particularly enjoyed this module. I did thesis work using 3D images of anthropoid skulls which can be considered maps of the face. I spent many hours using 3D imaging software so I felt comfortable working with the 3D visualization techniques I used for mapping. I am looking forward to making 3D maps for years to come.